Muslim Rule in India (1)

Early Medieval Period:

Establishment of the First Muslim State:

8th - 10th Century

- 711 AD: The Umayyad Caliphate's general, Muhammad bin Qasim, invades Sindh and establishes Muslim rule in the region. This marks the first significant Muslim presence in India.

10th - 12th Century

- 1001-1025: Mahmud of Ghazni invades northern India multiple times.

- 1175-1192: Muhammad of Ghor invades India and defeats Prithviraj Chauhan at the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192, establishing the groundwork for Muslim rule in northern India.

Establishment of the Delhi Sultanate

- 1206: Qutb-ud-din Aibak, a former slave and general of Muhammad of Ghor, declares himself Sultan of Delhi, establishing the Mamluk (Slave) Dynasty and founding the Delhi Sultanate.

Delhi Sultanate Period

- 1206-1210: Reign of Qutb-ud-din Aibak, known for starting the construction of the Qutub Minar.

- 1211-1236: Iltutmish consolidates the Delhi Sultanate, defeating rival claimants and extending his control over much of northern India. He shifts the capital to Delhi and establishes a more stable administrative framework.

- 1236-1240: Reign of Razia Sultan, the only female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. Her reign faces significant opposition from the nobility and is marked by internal strife.

- 1290-1320: Khalji Dynasty:

- 1290-1296: Jalal-ud-din Khalji establishes the Khalji Dynasty, extending the Sultanate’s influence in the Deccan region.

- 1296-1316: Alauddin Khalji’s reign, noted for his military campaigns, including the conquest of Gujarat, Ranthambore, and Devagiri. He also repels Mongol invasions and implements significant economic and administrative reforms.

Mongol Invasions and Internal Conflicts

- 1297-1305: Alauddin Khalji successfully repels several Mongol invasions, fortifying the northwestern frontier and strengthening the Sultanate's military capabilities.

- 1300s: The Delhi Sultanate faces internal rebellions and external threats, necessitating continuous military campaigns to maintain control over its territories.

These events cover the period from the initial Muslim incursions into India to the end of the 13th century, highlighting the establishment and consolidation of the first Muslim state and the formation of the Delhi Sultanate.

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