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Muslim Rule in India (3)



1858: British Crown takes direct control of India from the East India Company, beginning the British Raj.


- 1885: Indian National Congress (INC) is founded to advocate for greater Indian participation in government.

- 1905: Partition of Bengal by the British, leading to widespread protests and the eventual reunification in 1911.


-1906:The Muslim League was founded in 1906 to safeguard the rights of Indian Muslims.The organization adopted self-government for India as its goal in 1913.


Lucknow Pact (1916):

   - Jinnah was instrumental in the Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the Muslim League, which agreed on separate electorates for Muslims and Hindus and greater self-governance for Indians.


- 1919: Jallianwala Bagh massacre; British troops kill hundreds of unarmed Indian civilians, sparking nationwide outrage.


- 1920-22: Non-Cooperation Movement led by Mahatma Gandhi, advocating for non-violent resistance to British rule.


Round Table Conferences (1930-1932):

   - Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah participated in the Round Table Conferences in London, advocating for constitutional reforms and Muslim rights


- 1930: Salt March, a significant act of civil disobedience led by Gandhi against the British salt tax.


-1940: Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah presided over the Lahore Resolution which called for separate states for Muslims in the north-western and eastern zones of India.


- 1942: Quit India Movement, a mass protest demanding an end to British rule in India.


Cabinet Mission Plan (1946):

   -Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah engaged in negotiations with the British Cabinet Mission, which proposed a united India with a federal structure. The plan was initially accepted but later rejected due to disagreements.


Direct Action Day (1946):

   - Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah called for Direct Action Day on August 16, 1946, to demand the creation of Pakistan.


Independence and Partition (1947):

   - Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah successfully led the Muslim League in the negotiations that resulted in the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan on August 14, 1947.


- 1947: India gains independence from British rule on August 15. The country is partitioned into two independent dominions, India and Pakistan.

First Governor-General of Pakistan (1947-1948):

    - Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the first Governor-General of Pakistan, focusing on nation-building, establishing the government, and addressing the refugee crisis.


When Pakistan was established in 1947, it was the largest Muslim-majority country in the world .

Boundary Commission:

Cyril Radcliffe:

He was a British lawyer and civil servant best known for his role in the partition of British India in 1947. Appointed as the chairman of the Boundary Commission for both India and Pakistan, Radcliffe was responsible for drawing the borders between the newly independent nations of India and Pakistan. 


Despite having no prior experience in India and only five weeks to complete his task, Radcliffe's decisions had profound and lasting impacts. The Radcliffe Line, as the boundary came to be known, led to significant population exchanges, with millions of people migrating across the new borders amid communal violence. The partition resulted in substantial loss of life and property, and its effects are still felt in the region's geopolitics today.

Jammu and Kashmir Dispute:

Cyril Radcliffe's partition line had significant and lasting impacts on the region of Jammu and Kashmir.


The legacy of Sir Cyril Radcliffe and the Boundary Commission in the dispute over Jammu and Kashmir is deeply interwoven with the broader impact of the partition of India in 1947. Here are some specific aspects of this legacy:

Ambiguous Boundary Delimitation:

   - Unresolved Borders: 

The Radcliffe Line did not explicitly delineate the boundaries of the princely states, including Jammu and Kashmir, leading to ambiguities and disputes.

   - Geopolitical Vacuum: 

The lack of clear guidelines for the princely states created a geopolitical vacuum, with both India and Pakistan vying for control over Jammu and Kashmir.

Accession and Conflict:

   - Instrument of Accession: 

The Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, Hari Singh, chose to accede to India, a decision contested by Pakistan, leading to the first Indo-Pak war in 1947-48.


   - UN Involvement: The conflict led to the involvement of the United Nations, which called for a ceasefire and proposed a plebiscite that was never conducted, leaving the dispute unresolved


These events provide an overview of the key developments in Indian history from 1300 to 1947, highlighting the transitions from regional empires to colonial rule and eventually to independence.



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